Integrating Mulberry Nematode Ecology and Soil Health in NEP 2020 Towards safeguarding the silk heritage of Manipur

Loukrakpam Bina Chanu and N Mohilal Meitei
Contd from previous issue
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) (Root-knot nematode) : These are among the most destructive, causing gall formation on roots, which impairs nutrient absorption and stunts plant growth.
Pratylenchus coffea (Zi-mmermann, 1898), P. fallax Sein horst, 1968 and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1977) (Lesion nematodes): These invade root tissues, creating necrotic lesions and weakening the plant’s overall health.
Rotylenchulus jagat-purensis Sultan, 1985 and R. minutus (Sher, 1968) (Semi-endoparasitic nematodes) : Known for their partial penetration into root cells, they disrupt physiological functions and reduce leaf yield. Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963: are found in high densities and are associated with severe root da- mage and reduced productivity.
Ecological investigations carried out over a three-year period (2006–2008) across multiple mulberry farms in the Imphal Valley with a focus on understanding the diversity, distribution, and population dynamics of ne-matodes in relation to soil and environmental factors, summarizes that diverse Nematode Community including  16 nematode gene- ra, spanning under four orders—Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida, Tylenchida, and Mononchida—and 12 families infest mulberry. Their diversity indicates a complex soil ecosystem with both parasitic and free-living nematodes. Among the plant parasitic nematodes, the most prevalent are: Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes), Pratylen- chus spp. (lesion nematodes), Hoplolaimus spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp.
Nematode populations fluctuate with seasonal changes. The highest densities are recorded during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, likely due to favorable moisture and temperature conditions that support nematode reproduction and mobility. The study has found that loamy and clay-loam soils supports higher nematode population compared to sandy soils. Soil pH, organic matter content, and moisture levels are key ecological factors influencing nematode abun- dance. High nematode densities were associated with root damage, reduced leaf yield, and stunted plant growth, directly affecting the quality of leaves available for silkworm rearing. The presence of predatory nematodes and other soil microfauna suggests a dynamic ecological balance. However, the dominance of parasitic species indicates a disrupted soil ecosystem in some farms, necessitating ecological restoration and integrated pest management.
Biomanagement studies reveal promising eco-friendly strategies to su- ppress nematode popula-tions and improve mulberry health. The summary of the findings can be discussed  across the following headings:
1. Evaluation of Organic Amendments
Materials Used: Neem cake, mustard cake, and poultry manure
(To be contd)